More Information

General information about music therapy:

www.musictherapy.org - American Music Therapy Association
www.swamta1.org - Southwestern Region of the American Music Therapy Association
www.cbmt.org - Certification Board for Music Therapists, Inc.

Information about neurologic music therapy (NMT) and the Robert F. Unkefer Academy of Neurologic Music Therapy:

http://www.colostate.edu/dept/cbrm/ - The Center for Biomedical Research in Music at Colorado State University

Resources for individuals affected by neurologic disorders and their caregivers

www.capitalareaparkinsons.org - Capital Area Parkinson’s Society
www.freddypowers.org - Freddy Powers Parkinson’s Foundation
www.pdf.org - Parkinson’s Disease Foundation
www.alz-austin.org - Alzheimer’s Association Capital of Texas Chapter
www.alzheimers.org - Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral Center
www.nationalmssociety.org - National Multiple Sclerosis Society
www.biatx.org - Brain Injury Association of Texas
www.maryleefoundation.org - Mary Lee Foundation (programs for individuals with brain injury)
www.ucp.org - United Cerebral Palsy

Research and Neurologic Music Therapy

There is a large body of research that demonstrates the effectiveness of neurologic music therapy. A partial bibliography is listed below, grouped into three functional skill areas.

Thinking and Feeling
Speech and Language
Gait and Movement

Note:These references are a subset of the comprehensive list found on the website for the Center for Biomedical Research in Music at Colorado State University. Grateful acknowledgment is made here to the many researchers, staff, and students who have contributed to this literature and who maintain the list for the benefit of all.

Thinking and Feeling

Baur, B., Uttner, I., Ilmberger, J., Fesl, G., & Mai, N. 2000. Music memory provides access to verbal knowledge in a patient with global amnesia. Neurocase, 6, 415-421.

Berel, M., Diller, L., & Orgel, M. 1971. Music as a facilitator for visual motor sequencing tasks in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 13, 335-342.

Bettison, S. 1996. The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 26 (3), 361-375.

Brownell, M. 2002. Musically adapted social stories to modify behaviors in students with autism: Four case studies. Journal of Music Therapy, 39 (2), 117-144.

Carlomagno, S., Van Eeckhout, P., Blasi, V., Belin, P., Samson, Y., & Deloche, G. 1997. The impact of functional neuroimaging methods on the development of a theory for cognitive remediation. Neuropsychologial Rehabilitation, 7, 311-326.

Chan, A.S., Ho, Y.C., & Cheung, M.C. 1998. Music training improves verbal memory. Nature, 396, 128.

Claussen, D. & Thaut, M.H. 1997. Music as a mnemonic device for children with learning disabilities. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 5, 55-66.

Cowles, A., Beatty, W.W., Nixon, S.J., Lutz, L.J., Paulk, J., Paulk, K., & Ross, E.D. 2003. Musical skill in dementia: A violinist presumed to have Alzheimer’s disease learns to play a new song. Neurocase, 9, 493-503.

Davis, W.B., Gfeller, K., & Thaut, M.H. 1992 (1998, 2nd ed.). An Introduction to Music Therapy: Theory and Practice. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. (Japanese Language Edition, 1997. Sapporo, Japan: Ichibaku Shuppansya Publishing.) (Spanish Language Edition, 2000) (Korean Language Edition, 2002)

Del Olmo, Aria P., Furio, M., Pozo, M., & Cudeiro, J. 2006. Evaluation of the effect of training using auditory stimulation on rhythmic movement in Parkinsonian patients--a combined motor and [18F]-FDG PET study. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 12(3), 155-64.

Depperschmidt, K. A.W. 1992. Musical mnemonics as an aid to memory in patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type. Unpublished master thesis, Colorado State University.

Dozza, M., Chiari, L., Hlavacka, F., Cappello, A., & Horak, F.B. 2006. Effects of linear versus sigmoid coding of visual or audio biofeedback for the control of upright stance. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems & Rehabilitation Engineering, 14(4), 505-12.

Edgerton, C. 1994. The effect of improvisational music therapy on the communicative behavior of autistic children. Journal of Music Therapy, 31 (1), 31-62.

Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N.A., & Schanberg, S. 1998. Music shifts frontal EEG in depressed adolescents. Adolescence, 33, 109-116.

Foster, N. & Valentine, E. 2001. The effect of auditory stimulation on autobiographical recall in dementia. Experimental Aging Research, 27, 215-228.

Gaston, E.T. (Ed.). 1968. Music in Therapy. New York, NY: MacMillan Co.

Gerard, C. & Drake, C. 1990. The inability of young children to reproduce intensity differences in musical rhythms. Perception and Psychophysics, 48, 91-101.

Gfeller, K.E. 1983. Musical mnemonics as an aid to retention with normal and learning disabled students. Journal of Music Therapy, 20, 179-189.

Gfeller, K., Woodworth, G., Robin, D.A., Witt, S., & Knutson, J.F. 1997. Perception of rhythmic and sequential pitch patterns by normally hearing adults and adult cochlear implant users. Ear and Hearing, 18, 252-260.

Giacobbe, G.A. 1972. Rhythm builds order in brain-damaged children. Music Educators Journal, 58, 40-43.

Gregory, D. 2003. Music listening for maintaining attention of older adults with cognitive impairments. Journal of Music Therapy, 39 (4), 244-264.

Gronwall, D. 1977. Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 367-373.

Haslam, C. & Cook, M. 2002. Striking a chord with amnesic patient’s: Evidence that song facilitates memory. Neurocase, 8, 453-465.

Heaton, P., Hermelin, B., & Pring, L. 1988. Autism and pitch processing: A precursor for savant musical ability? Music Perception, 15, 291-305.

Hermelin, B., O’Connor, N., & Lee, S. 1987. Musical inventiveness of five idiots-savants. Psychological Medicine, 17 (3), 685-694.

Hermelin, B., O’Connor, N., Lee, S., & Treffert, D. 1989. Intelligence and musical improvisation. Psychological Medicine, 19 (2), 447-457.

Hiller, P.U. 1989. Song story: A potent tool for cognitive and affective relearning in head injury. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 7, 20-23.

Ho, Y., Cheung, M.C., & Chan, A.S. 2003. Music training improves verbal but not visual memory: Cross-sectional longitudinal explorations in children. Neuropsychology, 17 (3), 439-450.

Hommel, M., Peres, B., Pollak, P., Memin, B., Besson, G., Gaio, J.M., & Perret, J. 1990. Effects of passive tactile and auditory stimuli on left visual neglect. Archives of Neurology, 47, 573-576.

Hughes, J.R., Fino, J.J., & Melyn, M.A. 1999. Is there a chronic change of the "Mozart effect" on epileptiform activity? A case study. Clinical Electroencephalography, 30, 44-45.

Hummelsheim, H. 1999. Rationales for improving motor function. Current Opinion in Neurology, 12, 697-701.

Hurt-Thaut, C.P. & Johnson, S.B. 2003. Neurologic music therapy with children: Scientific foundations and clinical applications. In S.L. Robb (Ed.), Music Therapy in Pediatric Healthcare: Research and Evidence-Based Practice (pp. 81-100). Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association, Inc.

Kilgour, A.R., Jakobson, L.S., & Cuddy, L.L. 2000. Music training and rate of presentation as mediators of text and song recall. Memory Cognition, 28, 700-710.

Knox, R. & Jutai, J. 1996. Music-based rehabilitation of attention following brain injury. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 9, 169-181.

Knox, R., Yokota-Adachi, H., Kershner, J., & Jutai, J. 2003. Musical attention training program and alternating attention in brain injury: An initial report. Music Therapy Perspectives, 21, 99-104.

Kostka, M. 1993. A comparison of selected behaviors of a student with autism in special education and regular music class. Music Therapy Perspectives, 11, 57-60.

Ma, Y., Nagler, J., Lee, M., & Cabrera, I. 2001. Impact of music therapy on the communication skills of toddlers with pervasive developmental disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 445-447.

Maeller, D.H. 1996. Rehearsal strategies and verbal working memory in multiple sclerosis. Unpublished master thesis, Colorado State University.

McCombe, W.S., Harris-Love, M., Liu, W., & Whitall, J. 2006. Temporal coordination of the arms during bilateral simultaneous and sequential movements in patients with chronic hemiparesis. Experimental Brain Research, 168(3), 450-4.

McGivern, R.F., Berka, C., Languis, M.L., & Chapman, D. 1991. Detection of deficits in temporal pattern discrimination using the Seashore rhythm test in young children with reading impairments. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 58-62.

McIntosh, G.C., Peterson, D.A., & Thaut, M.H. 2006a. Verbal learning with a musical template increases neuronal synchronization and improves verbal memory in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P1-018.

McIntosh, G.C., Peterson, D.A., & Thaut, M.H. 2006b. Verbal learning with a musical template increases neuronal synchronization and improves verbal memory in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabilitation & Neural Repair, 20, 129.

Millard, K.A.O. & Smith, J.A. 1989. The influence of group singing therapy on the behavior of Alzheimer's disease patients. Journal of Music Therapy, 26, 58-70.

Morton, L.L., Kershner, J.R., & Siegel, L.S. 1990. The potential for therapeutic applications of music on problems related to memory and attention. Journal of Music Therapy, 26, 58-70.

Mottron, L., Peretz, I., & Menard, E. 2000. Local and global processing of music in high-functioning persons with autism: Beyond central coherence.

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41 (8), 1057-1065.

Nieuwboer, A., Kwakkel, G., Rochester, L., Jones, D., van Wegen, E., Willems, A.M., Chavret, F., Hetherington, V., Baker, K., & Lim, I. 2007. Cueing training in the home improves gait-related mobility in Parkinson's disease: the RESCUE trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 78(2), 134-40.

Noda, R., Maeda, Y., & Yoshino, A. 2004. Therapeutic time window for musicokinetic therapy in a persistent vegetative state after severe brain damage. Brain Injury, 18 (5), 509-515.

O'Callaghan, C.C. 1996. Pain, music creativity and music therapy in palliative care. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 13, 43-49.

O'Callaghan, C.C. 1993. Communicating with brain-impaired palliative care patients through music therapy. Journal of Palliative Care, 9, 53-55.

O’Shea, G., Sena, K.M., Peterson, D.A., Clegg, B.A., McIntosh, G.C., & Thaut, M.H. 2005. Representation without retention: Implicit learning in adults with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (suppl), Cognitive Neuroscience Society 12th Annual Meeting, In Press

Purdie, H. 1997. Music therapy in neurorehabilitation: Recent developments and new challenges. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 9, 205-217.

Rainey, D. & Larsen, J. 2002. The effect of familiar melodies on initial learning and long-term memory for unconnected text. Music Perception, 20 (2), 173-186.

Robb, S.L. (Ed.) 2003. Music Therapy in Pediatric Healthcare: Research and Evidence-Based Practice. Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association, Inc.

Robin, D.A., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. 1990. Auditory perception of temporal and spectral events in patients with focal left and right cerebral lesions. Brain and Language, 39, 539-555.

Rosenbaum, R.S., Furey, M.L., Horwitz, B., & Grady, C.L. 2004. Altered communication between emotion-related brain regions supports short-term memory in Alzheimer’ disease. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 203.8. [Abstract]

Sacks, O. 1998. Music and the Brain. In C.M. Tomaino (Ed.), Clinical Applications of Music in Neurologic Rehabilitation (pp. 1-18). St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Sears, W. 1968. Processes in music therapy. In E.T. Gaston (Ed.), Music in Therapy (pp. 30-44). New York, NY: MacMillan Co.

Son, G.R., Therrien, B., & Whall, A. 2002. Implicit memory and familiarity among elders with dementia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34, 263-267.

Thaut, M.H. 1987. Visual versus auditory (musical) stimulus preferences in autistic children: A pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 425-432.

Thaut, M.H. 1988. Measuring musical responsiveness in autistic children: A comparative analysis of improvised musical tone sequences of autistic, normal, and mentally retarded individuals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 561-571.

Thaut, M.H. & Mahraun. 2004. The influence of music and rhythm on a sustained attention task in children with autism. Submitted for publication.

Thaut, M.H., Schicks, W., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. (2002). The role of motor imagery and temporal cuing in hemiparetic arm rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 16:115.

Tomaino, C.M. 1998. Music and memory: accessing residual function. In C.M. Tomaino (Ed.), Clinical Applications of Music in Neurologic Rehabilitation (pp. 19-27). St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Unkefer, R.F. & Thaut, M.H. (Eds.). 2002. Music Therapy in the Treatment of Adults with Mental Disorders (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Van Wegen, E., de Goede, C., Lim, I., Rietberg, M., Nieuwboer, A., Willems, A., Jones, D., Rochester, L., Hetherington, V., Berendse, H., Zijlmans, J., Wolters, E., & Kwakkel, G. 2006. The effect of rhythmic somatosensory cueing on gait in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 248(1-2), 210-4.

Van Wegen, E., Lim, I., de Goede, C., Nieuwboer, A., Willems, A., Jones, D., Rochester, L., Hetherington, V., Berendse, H., Zijlmans, J., Wolters, E., & Kwakkel, G. 2006. The effects of visual rhythms and optic flow on stride patterns of patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 12(1), 21-7.

Wallace, W.T. 1994. Memory for music: Effect of melody on recall of text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, Cognition, 20, 1471-1485.

Willems, A.M., Nieuwboer, A., Chavret, F., Desloovere, K., Dom, R., Rochester, L., Jones, D., Kwakkel, G., & Van Wegen, E. 2006. The use of rhythmic auditory cues to influence gait in patients with Parkinson's disease, the differential effect for freezers and non-freezers, an explorative study. Disability & Rehabilitation, 28(11), 721-8.

Wimpory, D., Chadwick, P., & Nash, S. 1995. Brief report: Musical interaction therapy for children with autism: An evaluative case study with two-year follow-up. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 25 (3), 231-248.

Wit, V., Knox, R., Jutai, J., & Loveszy, R. 1994. Music therapy and rehabilitation of brain injury: A pilot study. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 2, 72-89.

Wolfe, D.E. & Hom, C. 1993. Use of melodies as structural prompts for learning and retention of sequential verbal information by preschool students. Journal of Music Therapy, 30, 100-118.

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Speech and Language

Albert, M., Sparks, R., & Helm, N. 1973. Melodic intonation therapy for aphasics. Archives of Neurology, 29, 130-131.

American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. 1994. Assessment: Melodic intonation therapy. Neurology, 44, 566-568.

Bang, C. 1980. A world of sound and music. Journal of the British Association for Teachers of the Deaf, 4, 1-10.

Basso, A., Capitani, E., & Vignolo, L.A. 1979. Influence of rehabilitation on language skills in aphasic patients. Archives of Neurology, 36, 190-196.

Belin, P., Van Eeckhout, P., Zilbovicius, M., Remy, P., Francois, C., Guillaume, S., Chain, F., Rancurel, G., & Sampson, Y. 1996. Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy. Neurology, 47, 1504-1511.

Bellaire, K., Yorkston, K.M., & Beukelman, D.R. 1986. Modification of breath patterning to increase naturalness of a mildly dysarthric speaker. Journal of Communication Disorders, 19, 271-280.

Berlin, C.I. 1976. On: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia by R.W. Sparks and A.L. Holland. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 41, 298-300.

Bonakdarpour, B., Eftekharzadeh, A., & Ashayeri, H. 2003. Melodic Intonation Therapy with Persian aphasic patients. Aphasiology, 17, 75-95.

Boucher, V., Garcia, J.L., Fleurant, J., & Paradis, J. 2001. Variable efficacy of rhythm and tone in melody-based interventions: Implications of the assumption of a right-hemisphere facilitation in non-fluent aphasia. Aphasiology, 15 (2), 131-149.

Buday, E.M. 1995. The effects of signed and spoken words taught with music on sign and speech imitation by children with autism. Journal of Music Therapy, 32 (3), 189-202.

Caligiuri, M.P. 1989. The influence of speaking rate on articulatory hypokinesia in Parkinsonian dysarthria. Brain and Language, 36, 1493-1502.

Cohen, N.S. 1988. The use of superimposed rhythm to decrease the rate of speech in a brain-damaged adolescent. Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 85-93.

Cohen, N.S. 1995. The effect of vocal instruction and Visi-Pitch ™ feedback on the speech of persons with neurogenic communication disorders: Two case studies. Music Therapy Perspectives, 13, 70-75.

Colcord, R.D. & Adams, M.R. 1979. Voicing duration and vocal SPL changes associated with stuttering reduction during singing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 22 (3), 468-479.

Darrow, A.A. & Cohen, N.S. 1991. The effect of programmed pitch practice and private instruction on the vocal reproduction accuracy of hearing-impaired children: Two case studies. Music Therapy Perspectives, 9, 61-65.

Darrow, A.A. & Starmer, G.J. 1986. The effect of vocal training on the intonation and rate of hearing-impaired children’s speech: A pilot study. Journal of Music Therapy, 23, 194-201.

Galloway, H.F. 1975. Music and the speech handicapped. In R.M. Graham (Ed.), Music for the Exceptional Child (pp. 15-47). Reston, VA: MENC.

Gaston, E.T. (Ed.). 1968. Music in Therapy. New York, NY: MacMillan Co.

Gfeller, K.E. & Baumann, A.A. 1988. Assessment procedures for music therapy with hearing-impaired children: Language development. Journal of Music Therapy, 25, 192-205.

Gfeller, K.E. & Darrow, A.A. 1987. Music as a remedial tool in the language education of hearing-impaired children. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14, 229-235.

Glover, H., Kalinowski, J., Rastatter, M., & Stuart, A. 1996. Effect of instruction to sing on stuttering frequency at normal and fast rates. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 511-522.

Goldfarb, R. & Bader, E. 1979. Espousing melodic intonation therapy in aphasia rehabilitation: A case study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2, 333-342.

Hammen, V.L. & Yorkston, K.M. 1996. Speech and pause characteristics following speech rate reduction in hypokinetic dysarthria. Journal of Communication Disorders, 29, 429-445.

Hammen, V.L., Yorkston, K.M., & Minifie, F.D. 1994. Effects of temporal alterations on speech intelligibility in Parkinsonian dysarthria. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 244-253.

Haneishi, E. 2001. Effects of a music therapy voice protocol on speech intelligibility, vocal acoustic measures, and mood of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Music Therapy, 38 (4), 273-290.

Healey, E.C., Mallard, A.R., & Adams, M.R. 1976. Factors contributing to the reduction of stuttering during singing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 19, 475-480.

Helfrich-Miller, K.R. 1984. Melodic intonation therapy with developmentally apraxic children. Seminars in Speech and Language, 5, 119-126.

Helfrich-Miller, K.R. 1994. A clinical perspective: Melodic Intonation Therapy for developmental apraxia. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4 (3), 175-182.

Jackson, S.A. Treharne, D.A., & Boucher, J. 1997. Rhythm and language in children with moderate learning difficulties. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32 (1), 99-108.

Jeffries, K., Fritz, J., & Braun, A. 2003. Words in melody: An H215O PET study of brain activation during singing and speaking. NeuroReport, 14 (5), 749-754.

Keith, R. & Aronson, A. 1975. Singing as therapy for apraxia of speech and aphasia: Report of a case. Brain and Language, 2, 483-488.

Krauss, T. & Galloway, H. 1982. Melodic Intonation Therapy with language delayed apraxic children. Journal of Music Therapy, 19 (2), 102-113.

Lucia, C.M. 1987. Toward developing a model of music therapy intervention in the rehabilitation of head trauma patients. Music Therapy Perspectives, 62, 34-39.

Marion, M., Sussman, H., & Marquardt, T. 1993. The perception and production of rhyme in normal and developmentally apraxic children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 26, 129-160.

Naeser, M.A. & Helm-Estabrooks, N. 1985. CT scan lesion localization and response to Melodic Intonation Therapy with nonfluent aphasia cases. Cortex, 21, 203-223.

Overy, K. 2003. Dyslexia and music: From timing deficits to musical interventions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 497-505.

Overy, K., Nicolson, R.I., Fawcett, A.J., & Clarke, E.F. 2003. Dyslexia and music: Measuring musical timing skills. Dyslexia, 9 (1), 18-36.

Overy, K., Norton, A.C., Ozdemir, E., Helm-Estabrooks, N., & Schlaug, G. 2004. Activation of the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus after melodic intonation therapy in a Broca’s aphasia patient. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 595.7. [Abstract]

Pilon, M.A., McIntosh, K.W., & Thaut, M.H. 1998. Auditory versus visual speech timing cues as external rate control to enhance verbal intelligibility in mixed spastic-ataxic dysarthric speakers: A pilot study. Brain Injury, 12 (9), 793-803.

Popovici, M. 1995. Melodic intonation therapy in the verbal decoding of aphasics. Revue Roumaine de Neurologie et Psychiatrie, 33, 57-97.

Riecker, A., Wildgruber, D., Dogil, G., Grodd, W., & Ackermann, H. 2002. Hemispheric lateralization effects of rhythm implementation during syllable repetitions: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 16, 169-176.

Robb, S.L. (Ed.) 2003. Music Therapy in Pediatric Healthcare: Research and Evidence-Based Practice. Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association, Inc.

Sears, W. 1968. Processes in music therapy. In E.T. Gaston (Ed.), Music in Therapy (pp. 30-44). New York, NY: MacMillan Co.

Shane, H.C. & Darley, F.L. 1978. The effect of auditory rhythmic stimulation on articulatory accuracy in apraxia of speech. Cortex, 14 (3), 444-450.

Sparks, R.W. & Deck, J.W. 1994. Melodic Intonation Therapy. In R. Chapey (Ed.), Language Intervention Strategies in Adult Aphasias. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 368-386.

Sparks, R.W., Helm, N., & Albert, M. 1974. Aphasia rehabilitation resulting from melodic intonation therapy. Cortex, 10, 313-316.

Sparks, R.W. & Holland, A.L. 1976. Method: Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 41, 298-300.

Speedie, L.J., Brake, N., Folstein, S.E., Bowers, D., & Heilman, K.M. 1990. Comprehension of prosody in Huntington's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 53, 607-610.

Stewart, L., Walsh, V., Frith, U., & Rothwell, J. 2001. Transcranial magnetic stimulation produces speech arrest but not song arrest. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930, 433-435.

Tautscher-Basnett, A., Tomantschger, V., Keglevic, S., & Freimuller, M. (2006). Group therapy for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) focusing on voice strengthening. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P1-054.

Thaut, M.H., McIntosh, K.H., McIntosh, G.C., & Hoemberg, V. 2001. Auditory rhythmicity enhances movement and speech motor control in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Functional Neurology, 16, 163-172.

Thulborn, K. R., Carpenter, P. A., Just, M. A. 1999. Plasticity of language-related brain function during recovery from stroke. Stroke, 30 (4), 749-754.

Ulbrich, P., Fink, M., Churan, J. & Wittmann, M. (2006). Training of temporal-order perception in aphasia: Preliminary results. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress for Neurorehabilitation, P2-094.

Wambaugh, J.L. & Martinez, A.L. 2000. Effects of rate and rhythm control treatment on consonant production accuracy in apraxia of speech. Aphasiology, 14 (8), 851-871.

Warren, J.D., Warren, J.E., Fox, N.C., & Warrington, E.K. 2003. Nothing to say, something to sing: Primary progressive dynamic aphasia. Neurocase, 9, 140-153.

Wiens ME, Reimer MA, Lindsay Guyn H. 1999. Music therapy as a treatment method for improving respiratory muscle strength in patients with advanced multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Rehabilitation Nursing, 24, 74-80

Yamadori, A., Osumi, Y., Masuhara, S., & Okubo, M. 1977. Preservation of singing in Broca’s aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 40 (3), 221-224.

Yorkston, K.M. & Beukelman, D.R. 1981. Ataxic dysarthria: Treatment consequences based on intelligibility and prosodic considerations. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 398-404.

Yorkston, K.M., Beukelman, D.R., & Bell, K.R. 1988. Clinical Management of Dysarthric Speakers. San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.

Yorkston, K.M., Hammen, V.L., Beukelman, D.R., & Traynor, C.D. 1990. The effect of rate control on the intelligibility and naturalness of dysarthric speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 550-560.

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Gait and Movement

Bernatzky, G., Bernatzky, P., Hesse, H.P., Staffen, W., & Ladurner, G. 2004. Stimulating music increases motor coordination in patients afflicted by Morbus Parkinson. Neuroscience Letters, 361, 4-8.

Buetefish, C., Hummelsheim, H., Denzler, P., & Mauritz, K.H. 1995. Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 130, 59-68.

Clark, C. & Chadwick, D. 1980. Clinically Adapted Instruments for the Multiply Handicapped. St. Louis, MO: Magnamusic-Baton.

Cross, P., McLellan, M., Vomberg, E., Monga, M., & Monga, T.N. 1984. Observations on the use of music in rehabilitation of stroke patients. Physiotherapy Canada, 36, 197-201.

Del Olmo, M.F., & Cudeiro, J. 2003. A simple procedure using auditory stimuli to improve movement in Parkinson’s disease: A pilot study. Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, 2003 (2), 1-7.

Del Olmo, M.F., & Cudeiro, J. 2003. The timing in Parkinson’s disease: Effects of a rehabilitation program based on rhythmic sound cues. Proceedings Society for Neuroscience, 734.2.

Dozza, M., Chiari, L., & Horak, F.B. 2005. Audio-biofeedback improves balance in patients with bilateral vestibular loss. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86 (7), 1401-3.

Elliott, B. 1982. Guide to the Selection of Musical Instruments with Respect to Physical Ability and Disability. Saint Louis, MO: MMB Music, Inc.

Fields, B. 1954. Music as an adjunct in the treatment of brain damaged patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 33, 273-283.

Freedland, R.L., Festa, C., Sealy, M., McBean, A., Elghazaly, P., Capan, A., Brozycki, L., Nelson, A.J., & Rothman, J. 2002. The effects of pulsed auditory stimulation on various gait measurements in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation, 17 (1), 81-87.

Freeman, J.S., Cody, F.W., & Schady, W. 1993. The influence of external timing cues upon the rhythm of voluntary movements in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 56, 1078-1084.

Gaston, E.T. (Ed.). 1968. Music in Therapy. New York, NY: MacMillan Co.

Gfeller, K.E. 1999. Music therapy in the treatment of sensory disorders. In W.B. Davis, K.E. Gfeller, & M.H. Thaut (Eds.), An Introduction to Music Therapy. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.

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